Rail Transpotation

Rail Transpotation

nRailways as one mode of transportation is organized with the aim of facilitating mass movement of people and / or goods, supporting equity, growth and stability and as a driver and driver of national development

nGENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RAILWAYS

nHighly capital intensive (high & long term investment, low rate of return)

nFixed cost high (± 80 %)

nVariable cost relatively low (± 20 %)

nException of Railways:

1. Access rate

nTransport mode for long distance, medium and short service

nThe precision of travel is relatively better because it has its own path

nThe speed varies

nSpecial activity services

2.Operational Level

nReliability level of travel safety

nMinimal energy usage

nPublic transport

3.Environmental Effects

nWeaknesses : require special infrastructure, high investment and servants

anterbatas on the area through which the path.

Environmental Impact caused Transportation Emission

Development of Railways

nThe railroad began in the early 16th century as an effort to repair roads and             increase the carrying capacity for transportation of coal mining in the UK.

nIn 1798, William Jessop, a blacksmith in Derby (England) designed the wheel's introduction to the wheel itself, a wheel larger than the concentric wheel (flange). First the flange is placed on the outside of the rail, then changed by placing the flange inside the rail.

nThe inverted T-shaped rail profile was first designed by Robert L. Stevens, a chief engineer on Camden and Amboy Railroad. In 1855, for the first time used the steel rails Bessemer process.

nThe invention of the steam engine by Denis Papin (1698), developed by N.J. Cugnot (1769) and James Watt. In 1802, Richard Trevithick, a British mining engineer, built a high-powered steam engine. In 1804, he built the first locomotive capable of pulling five 10-ton wagons and 70 people at a speed of about 8 km / h.

nThe first passenger train in England in 1825. The invention of automatic clutch technology in 1887 replaced the old clutch system in steam locomotives. Soon the air-brake technology was used from George Westinghouse's findings and patents in 1868-1869.