PRELIMINARY
Civil engineering is one of the branches of engineering that learns about how to design, build, renovate not only buildings and infrastructure, but also cover the environment for the benefit of human life.
Civil engineering has a wide scope, in which knowledge of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, geology, environment until the computer has its own role. Civil engineering developed in line with the level of human needs and movement, to say this science can turn a forest into a big city.
Table of contents
• 1 branches of civil engineering
• 2 Main material
• 3 Applications of civil engineering science in Indonesia
• 4 Indonesian civil engineering figures
• 5 External links
Branches of civil engineering
• Structural: Branches that study the structural problems of materials used for development. A building form may be made of several types of materials such as steel, concrete, wood, glass or other materials. Each material has its own characteristics. The field of structural study of the properties of the material so that in the end can be selected which material is suitable for the type of building. In this field is studied more deeply related to the planning of structures of buildings, roads, bridges, tunnels from foundation construction to buildings ready for use.
• Geotechnical: Branches that study the structure and properties of various soils in supporting a building that will stand on it. The scope can be a field investigation that is an investigation of the land conditions of an area and is strengthened by laboratory investigations.
• Construction Management: Branches that study problems in construction projects related to economy, job scheduling, payback, project costs, all matters relating to law and building permits to organizing jobs in the field so that the building is expected to be completed on time.
• Hydrology: Branches that examine water, distribution, control and problems. Includes this area of water hydrological fields (with respect to weather, rainfall, river water discharge etc.), hydraulics (water properties, water pressure, water push force etc.) and water structures such as harbors, irrigation, dams / draft), channel.
• Environmental Engineering: Branches that study environmental issues and issues. Including this area include the provision of facilities and infrastructure of clean water, waste management and sewage, river pollution, noise and air pollution to sanitation techniques.
• Transportation: Branches that study the transportation system in planning and implementation. Includes these areas including construction and regulation of roads, airport construction, terminals, stations and management.
• Civil Engineering Informatics: The new branch that studies the application of Computers for the calculation / modeling of a system in a Development or Research project. Covering this field is exemplified in the form of Structural Building (Structural of Material or CAD) modeling, groundwater or sewage movement modeling, environmental modeling with GIS (Geographic information system) technology.
This branch of civil engineering makes it very flexible in the world of work. The professions of an expert in this field include: designing / implementing the construction / maintenance of road infrastructure, bridges, tunnels, buildings, airports, traffic (land, sea, air), channel network system, drainage, irrigation, housing, , minimization of earthquake losses, environmental protection, water supply, land surveys, financial concepts of the project, project management etc. All aspects of life are embedded in the content of civil engineering science.
The difference from the architect, lies in the position of civil engineers in a project. Architects donate designs, ideas, and possibilities of implementing development on paper. The draft results are then submitted to the civil engineering expert staff for development implementation. This stage, civil engineers make improvements / suggestions from the implementation of planning, coordination in the project, observing the course of the project to fit the planning. In addition, civil engineers also develop financial concepts and project management on matters that affect the course of the project.
Civil engineers not only deal with the construction of a building project, but in other fields such as those relating to informatics, it is possible to model a form with the help of CAD programs, modeling earthquake damage, flooding. This is very important in developed countries as a benchmark for the feasibility of building a vital building that has the risk of causing many human victims such as nuclear reactors or dams, in case of technical planning failure. The design of the building is usually modeled in the computer given the threat factors of the building such as earthquake and material structure collapse. The role of civil engineers is still valid even though the construction phase of a building has been completed, as it lies in the maintenance of the building's facilities.
The main material
• Engineering Mechanics
• Steel construction
• Concrete construction
• Wood construction
• Glass construction
• Soil mechanics
• Foundation Technique
• Hydrology
• Hydraulics
• Water building
• Construction management
• Structural Dynamics
• Earthquake engineering
• Informatics
• Soil Sciences
• Civil building struc- ture
Applications of civil engineering science in Indonesia
• Sosrobahu
• Chicken Claw Construction
• Suramadu bridge
• Building
• Stadiun
• Underpas
• Fly over
• Airport
• Tunnel
• Busway Road
• Dock
• Rail Road
• Ports
Reinforced Concrete Planning
Reinforced concrete is a material made of concrete and reinforcing steel. The combination of both materials produces building materials that have good properties of each of these building materials. This can be described as follows. Concrete has good properties, which has high compressive capacity. However, the concrete also has a bad trait, that is, if the bees are buried. While reinforcing steel has a high capacity to the tensile load, but has a low compressive capacity because of its slim shape (will be easy to buckling the press load). However, by placing the reinforced concrete reinforcement section will eliminate the deficiency of the concrete to the tensile load. Similarly, when the reinforcing steel is placed in a concrete section that is pressed, the concrete around the reinforcement together with the reinforcing reinforcement will prevent the buckling reinforcement. Thus the explanation of why the combination of these two building materials produces new building materials that have better properties than the properties of each still before it is combined. Here we will describe something related to the building materials of concrete and steel reinforcement.
Concrete is a building material made of cement (Portland cement or other hydraulic cement), sand or fine aggregate, gravel or coarse agregate, water and with or without additives. The compressive strength of the concrete ($ f_ {c} ^ {\ prime} $) used for planning is determined by the compressive strength of the concrete at 28 days. Although now we can produce concrete with a compressive strength of over 100 MPa, the compressive strength of concrete commonly used in planning ranges from 20 to 40 MPa. As previously mentioned, concrete has a high compressive strength but has a low tensile strength, ranging from 8% to 15% of its compressive strength. To overcome the weakness of this concrete material then found a new building material by adding reinforcing steel to strengthen especially the concrete part of the drag.
The reinforcing steel used for planning should use deformed bar steel. While plain bar (plain bar) can only be used for spiral and tendon reinforcement, except for certain cases.
Here is the size of reinforcing steel that can be used for reinforced concrete planning:
No. Name of Diameter
nominal
Cross-sectional area
nominal
Weight
nominal
(mm) (cm $ ^ {2} $) (kg / m)
1 S.6 6 0.2827 0.222
2 S.8 8 0,5027 0,395
3 S.10 10 0.7854 0.617
4 S.13 13 1.327 1.04
5 S.16 16 2.011 4.58
6 S.19 19 2,835 2,23
7 S.22 22 3,801 2,98
8 S.25 25 4,909 3.85
9 S.39 29 6,625 5.18
10 S.32 32 8,042 6,31
11 S.36 36 10.18 7.99
12 S.40 40 12.57 9.88
13 S.50 50 19.64 17.4
In addition, threaded reinforcing steel to be used in reinforced concrete shall comply with the provisions of the ASTM relating to the reinforcing steel as follows:
* "Specification for threaded and plain billet steel bar for concrete reinforcement" (ASTM A615M)
* "Specification for threaded and plain axle steel rods for concrete reinforcement" (ASTM A617M)
* "Specifications for threaded and plain low-alloy steel for concrete reinforcement" (ASTM A706M)
Reference:
1. SNI-03-2847-2002 Procedure of Planning of Concrete Structure for Building Building
2. SNI-07-2052-2002 Concrete Reinforcement Steel
Benefits of Using Concrete
Concrete compared to other building materials has several advantages, including:
* Easy to set up as you wish
* Durable and requires minimal maintenance, so it's more economical
* Has a good resistance to rust and not easily weathered
* Not flammable
* High wind resistance (fast)
* Not eaten by insects or termites
